A technical standard is an established norm or requirement. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. In contrast, a custom, convention A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms or criteria, often taking the form of a custom, company product, corporate standard, etc. which becomes generally accepted and dominant is often called a de facto standard A de facto standard is a custom, convention, product, or system that has achieved a dominant position by public acceptance or market forces . De facto is a Latin phrase meaning "concerning the fact" or "in practice". Other standards may be voluntary or may be de jure ("ordained by law") standards enforced by.
A technical standard can also be a controlled artifact or similar formal means used for calibration The device with the known or assigned correctness is called the standard. The second device is the unit under test , test instrument (TI), or any of several other names for the device being calibrated. Reference Standards and certified reference materials Certified Reference Materials are ‘controls’ or standards used to check the quality and traceability of products. A reference standard for a unit of measurement is an artifact that embodies the quantity of interest in a way that ties its value to the reference base for calibration have an assigned value by direct comparison with a reference base. A primary standard In metrology, a primary standard is a standard that is accurate enough that it is not calibrated by or subordinate to other standards. Primary standards are used to calibrate other standards is usually under the jurisdiction of a national standards body. Secondary, tertiary, check standards and standard materials may be used for reference in a metrology Metrology (from Ancient Greek metron and logos (study of)) is the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement system. A key requirement in this case is (metrological) traceability The term traceability is used to refer to an unbroken chain of comparisons relating an instrument's measurements to a known standard. Calibration to a traceable standard can be used to determine an instrument's bias, precision, and accuracy, an unbroken paper trail of calibrations back to the primary standard.
A technical standard may be developed privately or unilaterally, for example by a corporation, regulatory body, military, etc. Standards can also be developed by groups such as trade unions, and trade associations. Standards organizations A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise maintaining standards that address the interests of a wide base of users outside the standards development organization often have more diverse input and usually develop voluntary standards: these might become mandatory if adopted by a government, business contract, etc.
The standardization Standardization or standardisation is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. A standard is a document that establishes uniform engineering or technical specifications, criteria, methods, processes, or practices. Some standards are mandatory while others are voluntary. Voluntary standards are available if one chooses to process may be by edict or may involve the formal consensus [1] of technical experts.
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Types of standards
The primary types of technical standards are:
- A standard specification A specification is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, product, or service. Should a material, product or service fail to meet one or more of the applicable specifications, it may be referred to as being out of specification; the abbreviation OOS may also be used is an explicit set of requirements for an item, material, component, system or service. It is often used to formalize the technical aspects of a procurement agreement or contract In law, a contract is an agreement between two or more parties which, if it contains the elements of a valid legal agreement, is enforceable by law or by binding arbitration. A legally enforceable contract is an exchange of promises with specific legal remedies for breach. These can include compensatory remedy, whereby the defaulting party is. For example, there may be a specification for a turbine blade for a jet engine which defines the exact material and performance requirements.
- A standard test method A test can be considered as technical operation that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often a test is part of an experiment describes a definitive procedure which produces a test result. It may involve making a careful personal observation or conducting a highly technical measurement. For example, a physical property A physical property is any measurable property the value of which describes a physical system's state at any given moment in time. For that reason the changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its transformations of a material is often affected by the precise method of testing: any reference to the property should therefore reference the test method used.
- A standard practice or procedure gives a set of instructions for performing operations or functions. For example, there are detailed standard operating procedures The terms standard operating procedure and standing operating procedure, both abbreviated by the initialism, SOP, are used in a variety of different contexts: healthcare, education, industry, military, etc for operation of a nuclear power plant.
- A standard guide is general information or options which do not require a specific course of action.
- A standard definition A definition is a passage that explains the meaning of a term , or a type of thing. The term to be defined is the definiendum (plural definienda). A term may have many different senses or meanings. For each such specific sense, a definiens (plural definientia) is a cluster of words that defines it is formally established terminology.
- Standard units A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention and/or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity. Any other value of the physical quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of measurement, in physics Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space-time, as well as all applicable concepts, such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves and applied mathematics Historically, applied mathematics consisted principally of applied analysis, most notably differential equations; approximation theory ; and applied probability. These areas of mathematics were intimately tied to the development of Newtonian physics, and in fact the distinction between mathematicians and physicists was not sharply drawn before the, are commonly accepted measurements of physical quantities.
Availability
- Public documents available on the internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and, public library, etc. (Some technical standards may be found at a major central library or at the library of a good technical university.)
- Published documents which are available for purchase.
- Private documents owned by an organization or corporation. These are used and circulated as they determine necessary or useful.
- Documents open for public use but with intellectual property Intellectual property is a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which property rights are recognised--and the corresponding fields of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries (copyright Copyright is the set of exclusive rights granted to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work. These rights can be licensed, transferred and/or assigned. Copyright lasts for a certain time period after which the work is said to enter the public domain. Copyright applies to a wide range of, etc.) associated with them.[2]
- Closed or controlled documents which contain trade secrets A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or compilation of information which is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors or customers. In some jurisdictions, such secrets are referred to as "confidential information" or " or classified information Classified information is sensitive information to which access is restricted by law or regulation to particular classes of persons. A formal security clearance is required to handle classified documents or access classified data. The clearance process requires a satisfactory background investigation. There are typically several levels of.
Geographic levels
When a geographically defined community needs to solve a community-wide coordination problem In game theory, coordination games are a class of games with multiple pure strategy Nash equilibria in which players choose the same or corresponding strategies. Coordination games are a formalization of the idea of a coordination problem, which is widespread in the social sciences, including economics, meaning situations in which all parties can, it can adopt an existing standard, or produce a new one.
The main geographic levels are:
- National standard: by National standards organizations A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise maintaining standards that address the interests of a wide base of users outside the standards development organization.
- Regional standard: see standards of the Regional standards organizations A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise maintaining standards that address the interests of a wide base of users outside the standards development organization. For example, CEN The European Committee for Standardization or Comité Européen de Normalisation , is a non-profit organisation whose mission is to foster the European economy in global trading, the welfare of European citizens and the environment by providing an efficient infrastructure to interested parties for the development, maintenance and distribution of standards.
- International standard: see International standards organizations A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise maintaining standards that address the interests of a wide base of users outside the standards development organization Example, ISO The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It has its headquarters in Geneva, and ASTM International ASTM International , originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. The organization's headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles.
National/Regional/International standards is one way of overcoming technical barriers in inter-local or inter-regional commerce caused by differences among technical regulations and standards developed independently and separately by each local, local standards organisation, or local company. Technical barriers arise when different groups come together, each with a large user base, doing some well established thing that between them is mutually incompatible. Establishing national/regional/international standards is one way of preventing or overcoming this problem.
| It has been suggested that International standard International standards are standards developed by international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use, worldwide. The most prominent organisation is the International Organization for Standardization be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) |
Usage
The existence of a published standard does not imply that it is always useful or correct. For example, if an item complies with a certain standard, there is not necessarily assurance that it is fit for any particular use. The people who use the item or service (engineers, trade unions, etc.) or specify it (building codes, government, industry, etc.) have the responsibility to consider the available standards, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the item correctly. Validation of suitability is necessary.
Standards often get reviewed, revised and updated. It is critical that the most current version of a published standard be used or referenced. The originator or standard writing body often has the current versions listed on its web site.
In social sciences The social sciences are the fields of academic scholarship that explore aspects of human society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences. These include: anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, international, including economics Economics is the social science that is concerned with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek οἰκονομία from οἶκος (oikos, "house") + νόμος (nomos, "custom" or "law"), hence "rules of the house(hold)". Current, a standard is useful if it is a solution to a coordination problem In game theory, coordination games are a class of games with multiple pure strategy Nash equilibria in which players choose the same or corresponding strategies. Coordination games are a formalization of the idea of a coordination problem, which is widespread in the social sciences, including economics, meaning situations in which all parties can: it emerges from situations in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Examples:
References
- ^ Example of TAPPI standards development regulations
- ^ Example: SAE International copyright policy
Categories: Standards Categories: Evaluation | Formal sciences | Reference | Documents Categories: Written communication | Communication design | Intellectual works | Primary sources | Sources | Technical communication Categories: Written communication | Communication | Technology
Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:44:16 GMT+00:00
on Display in Kagan Hearings Newsweek Kagan herself could be accused of applying a different sort of double standard by backing away this week from her argument in a 1995 book review that ... Kyl: Kagan praised Thurgood Marshall -- and she would help the underdog Washington Post (blog) spin meter: Kagan urged substance, then dodged it The Associated Press Kagan Day One: What Caught My Ear FOXNews (blog) Los Angeles Times (blog) - Washington Post
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Q. What technology standard provides for up to four devices on a system, including the hard drive as one of those devices? What are two common industry names loosely used to describe the standard?
Asked by Jason - Thu Oct 29 16:46:05 2009 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Someone needs to be doing their own homework, instead of looking to others to answer the questions. It really does you no good if other people always answer your questions.
Answered by Stephen M - Thu Oct 29 16:55:36 2009
