A reagent is a "substance or compound that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Chemical reactions can be either spontaneous, requiring no input of energy, or non-spontaneous, often coming about only after the input of some type of energy, viz. heat, light or electricity. Classically, chemical reactions encompass or is added to see if a reaction occurs".[1] Such a reaction is used to confirm the presence of another substance. Examples of such analytical reagents include Fehling's reagent Fehling's solution is a solution used to differentiate between water soluble aldehyde and ketone functional groups, although ketose monosaccharides will also test positive, due to conversion to aldoses by the base in the reagent . For this reason, Fehling's reagent is sometimes referred to as a general test for monosaccharides, Millon's reagent and Tollens' reagent Tollens' reagent is usually ammoniacal silver nitrate, but can also be other compounds, as long as there is an aqueous diamminesilver complex. It was named after Bernhard Tollens.
Although the terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably, a reactant is more specifically a "substance that is consumed in the course of a chemical reaction".[1] Solvents A solvent is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature. Common uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g. tetrachloroethylene), as a paint thinner (e.g. toluene, turpentine), as nail polish removers and and catalysts Catalysis is the change in rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of a substance called a catalyst. Unlike other reagents that participate in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself. A catalyst may participate in multiple chemical transformations. Catalysts that speed the reaction are called positive, although they are involved in the reaction, are usually not referred to as reactants. In organic chemistry, reagents are compounds or mixtures, usually composed of inorganic or small organic molecules, that are used to affect a transformation on an organic substrate. Examples of organic reagents include the Collins reagent Collins reagent is the complex of chromium oxide with pyridine in dichloromethane. It is used to selectively oxidize primary alcohols to the aldehyde, and will tolerate many other functional groups within the molecule. It can be used as an alternative to the Jones reagent and pyridinium chlorochromate when oxidising secondary alcohols to ketones, Fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide and an iron catalyst that is used to oxidize contaminants or waste waters. Fenton's reagent can be used to destroy organic compounds such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and Grignard reagent The Grignard reaction is an organometallic chemical reaction in which alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides act as nucleophiles and attack electrophilic carbon atoms that are present within polar bonds (e.g. in a carbonyl group as in the example shown below) to yield a carbon-carbon bond, thus altering hybridization about the reaction center. The.
In another use of the term, when purchasing or preparing chemicals, reagent-grade describes chemical substances In chemistry, a chemical substance is a material with a specific chemical composition of sufficient purity for use in chemical analysis Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or more of these components. The separation of, chemical reactions A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Chemical reactions can be either spontaneous, requiring no input of energy, or non-spontaneous, often coming about only after the input of some type of energy, viz. heat, light or electricity. Classically, chemical reactions encompass or physical testing. Purity standards Standardization or standardisation is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. A standard is a document that establishes uniform engineering or technical specifications, criteria, methods, processes, or practices. Some standards are mandatory while others are voluntary. Voluntary standards are available if one chooses to for reagents are set by organizations such as ASTM International ASTM International , originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. The organization's headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles. For instance, reagent-quality water Water is the most abundant compound on Earth's surface, constituting about 70% of the planet's surface. In nature it exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous states. It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and gas states at standard temperature and pressure. At room temperature, it is a nearly colorless with a hint of blue, tasteless, and must have very low levels of impurities like sodium Sodium is a metallic element with a symbol Na (from Latin natrium or Arabic ناترون natrun; perhaps ultimately from Egyptian netjerj) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" (formerly known as ‘group IA’). It has only one stable isotope, 23Na and chloride The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides ions, silica The chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica , is an oxide of silicon with a chemical formula of Si , and bacteria The bacteria ( [bækˈtɪəriə] ; singular: bacterium)[α] are a large group of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste,, as well as a very high electrical resistivity Electrical resistivity is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electrical charge. The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm metre (Ω m).
An aqueous An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is usually shown in chemical equations by appending to the relevant formula. The word aqueous means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in water. As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry reagent is used in the making of an ester Esters are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. Basically, esters are (an organic compound An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered inorganic. The distinction between "organic" and " formed by the reaction of an alcohol In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl functional group (-O and carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group. A carboxyl group is a functional group consisting of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids — they are proton donors. Salts and anions of carboxylic acids together), it is used to remove impurities Impurities are substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound from the impure product. It is subsequently removed using a separating funnel A separatory funnel, also known as separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate the components of a mixture between two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases will be aqueous, and the other a non-polar to leave an organic layer which contains the ester Esters are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. Basically, esters are.
See also
- Product A product is a substance that forms as a result of a biological- or chemical reaction. While the end product of some chemical reactions may be the result of a relatively rapid reaction, nanoseconds to seconds, chemical equilibria in complex systems may require years or even centuries to be established. For example, equilibria in groundwater
- Limiting reagent In chemistry, the limiting reagent, also known as the "limiting reactant", is the chemical that determines how far the reaction will go before the chemical in question gets "used up", causing the reaction to stop. The chemical of which there are fewer moles than the proportion requires is the limiting reagent
- Reagents for organic chemistry
References
- ^ a b International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , pronounced /ˈaɪjuːpæk/, is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries. It is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU). The international headquarters of IUPAC is located in Zürich, Switzerland. The (1996). "Reactant". Compendium of Chemical Terminology The Compendium of Chemical Terminology is a book published by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry containing internationally accepted definitions for terms in chemistry. Work on the first edition was initiated by Victor Gold, hence its informal name, the Gold Book Internet edition.
Categories: Reagents for organic chemistry | Chemical reactions
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